the apartments are under construction

1) (in or to a position lower than, or covered by: Your pencil is under the chair; Strange plants grow under the sea.) under

2) (less than, or lower in rank than: Children under five should not cross the street alone; You can do the job in under an hour.) under, mindre enn

3) (subject to the authority of: As a foreman, he has about fifty workers under him.) under

4) (used to express various states: The fort was under attack; The business improved under the new management; The matter is under consideration/discussion.) under

- under-

under

adv. \/ˈʌndə\/

1) (neden)under

• we had a living room on top and bedrooms under

2) under vann

• he stayed under for two minutes

3) ( om narkose) borte, bevisstløs

as under i likhet med nedenstående

down under se ➢ down

go under synke mislykkes ( ved narkose) miste bevisstheten

under way i gang

• the meeting is now under way

prep. \/ˈʌndə\/

1) ( om posisjon eller retning) under, innunder, bortunder, oppunder, inn under, bort under, opp under, innenfor, nedenfor, foran, ved foten av, i skyggen av

• the cat is under the table

• the streets are under water after the heavy rain

• she put the box under her bed

• he had the bottle under his coat

• the dog came out from under the table

• the village lies under the hill

• she smoked under the teacher's very nose

2) (om dominans, autoritet eller kontroll) under, bundet av, hos

• everything's under control!

• there were a number of reforms under Queen Victoria

• he's studying under the great master

• she never talks to those under her

• it was given under his hand

• I can't say anything, I'm under a vow

3) (om lover, regler og avtaler) i samsvar med, etter, i henhold til

• they exported oil under the terms of the treaty

4) ( om kategorisering) under, på

• place it under H

5) (om beløp, tall eller norm) under, mindre enn

• children under 14 years are not admitted

• I can do it in under a week

• this letter is under the date of the 5th

6) ( om prosess eller tilstand) under, i

• the matter is under examination

• the apartments are under construction

• the question under the debate was a hot potato

• he's under the delusion that he's the best man for the job

7) ( landbruk) tilsådd med, beplantet med

• we have a field under wheat

• they have a large acreage under wheat

1 smaller.

2 younger, junior.

3 minor, lesser.

minor (law) (child).

1 minor, young man, youngster.

2 minor, young girl.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (comparativo - en tamaño) smaller; (- en calidad, importancia) lesser; (- en edad) younger

■ necesito una talla menor I need a smaller size

■ se corre menor peligro it's less dangerous

■ mi hermano menor my younger brother

2 (superlativo - en tamaño) smallest; (- en calidad, importancia) least; (- en edad) youngest

■ cogió el trozo de menos tamaño she took the smallest piece

■ no tiene la menor importancia it's not at all important

■ su hermano menor se quedará en casa his youngest brother is going to stay at home

3 (inferior) minor

4 MÚSICA minor

► nombre masulino o femenino

1 DERECHO minor

\

al por menor retail

apto,-a para menores (gen) suitable for all ages 2 (película) U-certificate, US rated G

ser menor de edad to be under age

menor de edad minor

tribunal de menores juvenile court

* * *

1) minor

2) smaller, smallest

3) lesser, least

4) younger, youngest

•

- al por menor

* * *

1. ADJ

1) [comparativo]

a) [de tamaño] smaller

b) [de cantidad] fewer, less

c) [de importancia, tiempo]

d) [de edad] younger

e) (Mús) minor

f) (Rel) [orden] minor

2) [superlativo]

a) [de tamaño] smallest

b) [de cantidad] lowest, smallest

c) [de importancia, tiempo] least

d) [de edad] youngest

SMF (=niño) child, minor frm

3. SM

1) (Com)

2) Esp

* * *

1)

a) ( comparativo de pequeño)

b) ( superlativo de pequeño)

2) ( en edad)

a) ( comparativo)

b) ( superlativo)

3) ( secundario) <escritor/obra> minor

4) (Mús) minor

5) (Com)

masculino y femenino (Der) minor

- menor de edad

* * *

1)

a) ( comparativo de pequeño)

b) ( superlativo de pequeño)

2) ( en edad)

a) ( comparativo)

b) ( superlativo)

3) ( secundario) <escritor/obra> minor

4) (Mús) minor

5) (Com)

masculino y femenino (Der) minor

- menor de edad

* * *

el menor

menor¹

¹ = infant, juvenile, juvenile, minor.

menor²

² = minor, reduced, slight [sligther -comp., slightest -sup.], low-key [low key], lesser, lower-key, diminished, low-keyed.

* * *

1 (comparativo de pequeño¹ adj (↑ pequeño (1))):

un período de menor interés histórico que el anterior a period of less historical interest than the previous one

nuestro poder adquisitivo es cada vez menor our purchasing power decreases every day

en menor medida to a lesser extent o degree

en mayor o menor grado to a greater or lesser extent o degree

alimentos de menor contenido calórico food which is lower in calories

un ingreso tres veces menor que el mío an income three times lower than mine

un porcentaje de indecisos menor que el del último sondeo a lower o smaller percentage of don't knows than in the last poll

( Mat): X Z (read as: equis es menor que zeta) X Z (léase: X is less than Z)

esto sucede con menor frecuencia que antes this happens less often o less frequently than before

2 (superlativo de pequeño):

haciendo el menor ruido posible making as little noise as possible

eligió el de menor tamaño she chose the smallest one

¿cuál es la menor de las islas Baleares? which is the smallest of the Balearic islands?

B (en edad) [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

(comparativo): ¿tienes hermanas menores? do you have any younger sisters?

menor QUE algn younger THAN sb

es un año menor que yo she's a year younger than me

(superlativo): ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? who's the youngest of the brothers?

mi hijo menor my youngest son

el menor de los dos niños the younger of the two boys

C (secundario) ‹escritor/obra› minor

sufrió lesiones de menor importancia she received minor injuries

D ( Mús) minor

E ( Com):

(al) por menor retail

[ S ] venta (al) por menor retail sales

los distribuidores (al) por menor retail shops o outlets

( Der) minor

[ S ] película no apta para menores movie not suitable for under-18s, certificate 18

masculine and feminine minor

ser menor de edad to be a minor, be underage

* * *

a) ( comparativo de

◊ pequeño) ‹número/porcentaje› lower, smaller;

b) ( superlativo de

◊ pequeño): el país con el menor número de parados the country with the lowest unemployment figures;

a) ( comparativo) younger;

b) ( superlativo):

◊ ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? who's the youngest of the brothers?;

◊ lesiones de menor importancia minor injuries

◊ (al) por menor retail

◊ menor de edad minor; ser menor de edad to be a minor, to be under age;

* * *

♦ adj

1. [comparativo] [en tamaño] smaller ( que than); [en edad] younger ( que than); [en importancia] less, lesser ( que than); [en número] lower ( que than);

mi hermana menor my younger sister;

es ocho años menor que yo he's eight years younger than me;

reciben menor formación que nosotros they receive less training than us;

en menor grado to a lesser extent;

un menor número de víctimas a lower o smaller number of victims;

una menor tasa de inflación a lower rate of inflation;

apartamentos menores de 100 metros cuadrados Br flats o US apartments of less than o under 100 square metres;

ayudas para empresarios menores de veinticinco años grants for businessmen (of) under twenty-five;

sólo la menor parte de los encuestados estaba en contra only a minority of those interviewed were opposed;

menor que less than

2. [superlativo]

la menor de las islas the smallest island, the smallest of the islands;

la menor de todos nosotros/de la clase the youngest of all of us/in the class;

la menor de las dos hermanas the younger of the two sisters;

el menor ruido le molesta the slightest noise disturbs him;

no creo que tenga el menor interés I don't think it's at all o the slightest bit interesting;

no te preocupes, no tiene la menor importancia don't worry, it doesn't matter at all o in the least;

no tengo la menor idea I haven't the slightest idea

3. [intrascendente, secundario] minor;

un problema menor a minor problem

4. [joven]

ser menor de edad [para votar, conducir] to be under age;

5. Mús minor;

en do menor in C minor

6. Com

vender algo al por menor to retail sth;

puntos de venta al por menor retail outlets

♦ nmf

1. [superlativo]

2. Der [niño] minor;

es una película no apta para menores this film has been classified as unsuitable for children;

no apta para menores [en letrero] = unsuitable for children

* * *

I adj

1 comp less; en tamaño smaller; en edad younger;

ser menor de edad be a minor

2 sup

el menor en tamaño the smallest; en edad the youngest;

el número menor the lowest number;

no tengo la menor idea I don’t have the slightest idea

3 MÚS tono, modo minor;

mi menor E minor

al por menor retail

II m/f minor

* * *

menor adj

1) (comparative of pequeño) : smaller, lesser, younger

2) (superlative of pequeño) : smallest, least, youngest

3) : minor

al por menor : retail

ser menor de edad : to be a minor, to be underage

menor nmf

: minor, juvenile

* * *

menor¹ adj

1. (comparativo menos grande) smaller

2. (ningún) slightest

3. (comparativo más joven) younger

4. (superlativo más joven) youngest

menor² n

1. (más joven) youngest

2. (menor de edad) minor

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

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The name of Le Corbusier is synonymous with the International style of modern architecture and city planning, one utilizing functionalist designs carried out in twentieth-century materials with modern methods of construction. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, born in the watch-making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Jura mountain region, was the son of a watch engraver and dial painter. In the years before 1918 he travelled widely, studying building in many countries. He learned about the use of reinforced concrete in the studio of Auguste Perret and about industrial construction under Peter Behrens. In 1917 he went to live in Paris and spent the rest of his life in France; in 1920 he adopted the name of Le Corbusier, one derived from that of his ancestors (Le Corbesier), and ten years later became a French citizen.

Le Corbusier's long working life spanned a career divided into three distinct parts. Between 1905 and 1916 he designed a number of simple and increasingly modern houses; the years 1921 to 1940 were ones of research and debate; and the twenty years from 1945 saw the blossoming of his genius. After 1917 Le Corbusier gained a reputation in Paris as an architect of advanced originality. He was particularly interested in low-cost housing and in improving accommodation for the poor. In 1923 he published Vers une architecture, in which he planned estates of mass-produced houses where all extraneous and unnecessary features were stripped away and the houses had flat roofs and plain walls: his concept of "a machine for living in". These white boxes were lifted up on stilts, his pilotis, and double-height living space was provided internally, enclosed by large areas of factory glazing. In 1922 Le Corbusier exhibited a city plan, La Ville contemporaine, in which tall blocks made from steel and concrete were set amongst large areas of parkland, replacing the older concept of city slums with the light and air of modern living. In 1925 he published Urbanisme, further developing his socialist ideals. These constituted a major reform of the industrial-city pattern, but the ideas were not taken up at that time. The Depression years of the 1930s severely curtailed architectural activity in France. Le Corbusier designed houses for the wealthy there, but most of his work prior to 1945 was overseas: his Centrosoyus Administration Building in Moscow (1929–36) and the Ministry of Education Building in Rio de Janeiro (1943) are examples. Immediately after the end of the Second World War Le Corbusier won international fame for his Unité d'habitation theme, the first example of which was built in the boulevard Michelet in Marseille in 1947–52. His answer to the problem of accommodating large numbers of people in a small space at low cost was to construct an immense all-purpose block of pre-cast concrete slabs carried on a row of massive central supports. The Marseille Unité contains 350 apartments in eight double storeys, with a storey for shops half-way up and communal facilities on the roof. In 1950 he published Le Modular, which described a system of measurement based upon the human male figure. From this was derived a relationship of human and mathematical proportions; this concept, together with the extensive use of various forms of concrete, was fundamental to Le Corbusier's later work. In the world-famous and highly personal Pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp (1950–5), Le Corbusier's work was in Expressionist form, a plastic design in massive rough-cast concrete, its interior brilliantly designed and lit. His other equally famous, though less popular, ecclesiastical commission showed a contrasting theme, of "brutalist" concrete construction with uncompromisingly stark, rectangular forms. This is the Dominican Convent of Sainte Marie de la Tourette at Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle near Lyon, begun in 1956. The interior, in particular, is carefully worked out, and the lighting, from both natural and artificial sources, is indirect, angled in many directions to illuminate vistas and planes. All surfaces are carefully sloped, the angles meticulously calculated to give optimum visual effect. The crypt, below the raised choir, is painted in bright colours and lit from ceiling oculi.

One of Le Corbusier's late works, the Convent is a tour de force.

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